Ascend | Nootropic


Our "No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don’t like something of ours, guess what happens next?

No, we don’t request you deliver it to a PO box in the Gobi Desert by carrier pigeon. Nor do we ask you to fill a cursed inkwell with orc’s blood and demon saliva and then use it to complete reams of return forms written in ancient Cyrillic script.

We just . . . wait for it . . . give you your money back. Holy moo cows. And that means you can say "yes" now and decide later.

Will Ascend instantly banish brain fog and unlock a deep state of "flow"? No.

Will it help you break through to new levels of “limitless” brilliance? Absolutely not.

But will Ascend help you concentrate better, learn faster, and think clearer without any stimulants or sketchy "smart drugs"? Yes. Or your money back.

  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[8] Every bottle of Ascend is guaranteed to provide exactly This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Ascend—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.
  • Made in the USA with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities
  • Backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this: If you don’t absolutely love Ascend, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or return necessary.

So order now, try Ascend risk free, and see for yourself why we believe it’s the perfect all-natural nootropic supplement (and why it has sold over 30,000 bottles sold and counting!).

Will Ascend instantly banish brain fog and unlock a deep state of "flow"? No.

Will it help you break through to new levels of “limitless” brilliance? Absolutely not.

But is Ascend the only[1] Some popular nootropic supplements are all-natural. Some contain the right mix of high-quality ingredients. Some provide clinically effective doses. But only Ascend checks each of these boxes. 100% natural[2] Ascend doesn’t just “contain natural ingredients''—every ingredient is naturally sourced. Ascend contains no artificial or synthetic substances of any kind. nootropic supplement with clinically effective doses[3] Every serving of Ascend contains 2,180 milligrams of active ingredients that have been shown to be safe and effective in peer-reviewed scientific research. of five scientifically proven ingredients[4] Each active ingredient in Ascend is backed by published scientific studies that show benefits in healthy humans. for better focus, mood, and cognition and less mental fatigue and stress?

And will it help you concentrate better, learn faster, and think clearer without any stimulants or sketchy "smart drugs"?

Yes. Or your money back.

  • 32 peer-reviewed scientific studies support Ascend’s combination of ingredients and doses[5] That’s 336 pages of scientific research that shows Ascend works exactly like we say it does.
  • Contains no artificial fillers, food dyes, or other chemical junk[6] While these types of chemicals may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of them may indeed be harmful to our health. And that’s why you won’t find them in Ascend.
  • Analyzed for purity and potency in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab[7] Every bottle of Ascend is guaranteed to provide exactly what the label claims and nothing else—no heavy metals, microbes, allergens, or other contaminants.
  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[8] This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Ascend—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.
  • Made in the USA with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities

Ascend is also backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this:

If you don’t absolutely love Ascend, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or return necessary.

So order now, try Ascend risk free, and see for yourself why we believe it’s the perfect all-natural nootropic supplement (that has sold over 30,000 bottles and counting!).

Notice to California Consumers

WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/food.

Ingredients (2,180 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-GPC (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound of two molecules: choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance found in the membrane of neurons (nerve cells) that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

Research shows that supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

  • Increases power output[9]
  • Protects against cognitive decline as we age[10]
  • Increases growth hormone levels[11]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250 to 500 milligrams sufficient for cognitive benefits and higher doses required for affecting dementia.[12]

Alpha-GPC

Avena Sativa (800 milligrams per serving)

Avena sativa is a plant whose stem and leaves have long been used to treat psychological maladies such as insomnia and anxiety.

Research shows that it positively influences brain function in a variety of ways, which is why studies show that supplementation with Avena sativa . . .

  • Boosts cognitive performance and “mental fitness” (even in people with compromised cognitive function)[13][14]
  • Increases executive function (controlling your mind and behavior)[15]
  • Enhances spatial working memory (short-term memory of information related to locations)[16]
  • Increases alertness and learning performance[17]
  • Reduces the negative effects of multitasking on cognitive performance[18]

Research also shows that while a single dose of Avena sativa can provide benefits, results may improve with continued use.[19][20]

The clinically effective dose of Avena sativa is between 800 and 1,600 mg, with most of the benefits occurring at the lower end of this range.[21][22]

Avena Sativa

Uridine Monophosphate (250 milligrams per serving)

Uridine monophosphate is a compound of two molecules: uridine and phosphoric acid.

Uridine is a substance known as a nucleotide that’s involved in the production of the genetic material ribonucleic acid (RNA) and that supports and enhances the growth and function of neurons (nerve cells).[23][24]

Phosphoric acid is a substance that helps the body create phosphatidylcholine.

While human research on uridine is currently sparse, the data we do have suggests that it can . . .

  • Enhance neuron growth[25]
  • Preserve memory by protecting the brain from damage[26][27][28]
  • Reduce mental fatigue[29]
  • Reduce the time it takes to fall asleep[30]
  • Improve sleep quality[31]

The clinically effective dose of uridine monophosphate hasn’t been established yet, but 250 milligrams is the human equivalent of what has produced benefits in animal research.

Uridine Monophosphate

Bacopa Monnieri (330 milligrams per serving)

Bacopa monnieri is an herb that has long been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to aid memory and treat various neurological disorders.

It contains substances known as bacosides that stimulate the secretion of two types of chemicals in the brain known as brain growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor or BDNF, and nerve growth factor or NGF), which help neurons connect, grow, and proliferate.

Research shows that supplementation with bacopa monnieri . . .

The clinically effective dose of bacopa monnieri is between 200 and 400 milligrams depending on its bacoside content.

Bacopa Monnieri

Agmatine (500 milligrams per serving)

Agmatine is a chemical produced by the brain and found in some fermented foods.

It helps protect neurons (nerve cells) against damage and interacts with the pain and pleasure pathways in the brain.

While human research on agmatine is currently sparse, the data we do have suggests it can enhance the activity of serotonin in the brain, which can enhance mood and reduce the depressive effects of stress.[39][40]

The clinically effective dose of agmatine hasn’t been established yet, but the nootropic range appears to be between 1.6 and 6.4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, or 110 to 440 milligrams for a 150-pound person.[41]

Agmatine

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

Studies show that artificial food dyes may cause negative effects in some people, including gastrointestinal toxicity and behavioral disorders.[42][43][44][45][46]

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Every bottle of Ascend is analyzed in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab to verify what is and isn’t in it. That way, you know exactly what you’re getting and putting into your body.

Lab Tested for Potency & Purity
Ascend Lab Test Certificate of Analysis

See how Legion compares to the rest.

  • Active Ingredients
  • Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses
  • Alpha-GPC
  • Avena Sativa
  • Uridine Monophosphate
  • Bacopa Monnieri
  • Agmatine Sulfate
  • Natural Ingredients
  • Lab Tested
  • Labdoor Certified Brand
  • Price Per Serving
  • Legion
    Ascend

    Legion Ascend
  • 2,180 mg
    per serving
  • True
  • 300 mg
    per serving
  • 800 mg
    per serving
  • 250 mg
    per serving
  • 330 mg
    per serving
  • 500 mg
    per serving
  • True
  • True
  • True
  • $
  • Onnit
    AlphaBrain

    Onnit
  • 1,310 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • close
    (proprietary blend)

    A proprietary blend is a group of ingredients that lists their names but not amounts, making it impossible to know if the dosages are at clinically effective levels.

  • close
    (proprietary blend)

    A proprietary blend is a group of ingredients that lists their names but not amounts, making it impossible to know if the dosages are at clinically effective levels.

  • False
  • 100 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • False
  • Question Mark
  • False
  • $1.78
  • Genius
    Consciousness

    Genius
  • 3,585 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • 600 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • False
  • False
  • False
  • True
  • Question Mark
  • False
  • $2.53
  • Qualia
    Mind

    Qualia
  • 3,874 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • 200 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • 160 mg
    per serving
  • 300 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • False
  • Question Mark
  • False
  • $6.32

The #1 brand of all-natural sports supplements.

Over 4,000,000 bottles sold to over 800,000 customers who have left us over 45,000 5-star reviews.

Natural Ingredients
No Chemical Junk

Ascend doesn’t just “contain natural ingredients”—every ingredient is naturally sourced. We don’t use artificial or synthetic substances of any kind.

Science-Backed Ingredients
Science-Backed Ingredients

Every ingredient in Ascend is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating clear benefits in healthy humans.

Clinically Effective Doses
Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses

Every ingredient in Ascend is included at clinically effective levels, which are the exact amounts shown to be safe and effective in peer-reviewed scientific research.

Lab Tested
Lab Tested

Ascend is tested by third-party labs for heavy metals, microbes, allergens, and other contaminants to ensure it meets FDA purity standards.

Made in USA
Made in USA with Globally Sourced Ingredients

Ascend is proudly made in America in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected facilities in accordance with the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations.

100% Money-Back-Guarantee
100% Money-Back-Guarantee

If you don't absolutely love Ascend, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms or returns necessary.

Trusted by scientists, doctors, and everyday fitness folk alike.

Previous
  • Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD

    Board-Certified Family Medicine Physician, a Diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine, and Legion Advisory Board Member

    "There are a lot of sleazy supplement companies out there, but Legion is not one of them. Their products are free of fillers and inactive ingredients and they take the time (and money) to test them with independent labs to ensure you're getting what you pay for."

  • Menno Henselmans, MS

    Founder of Bayesian Bodybuilding, Published Scientist, Physique Coach, and Legion Advisory Board Member

    "Legion consults with nutrition experts to make honest, science-based products and then proves they're genuine with independent lab work. That's how all supplement companies should operate."

  • Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD

    Professor of Exercise Science at University of South Florida and Legion Advisory Board Member

    "Legion is science-based at its core. All of their products contain doses proven to be effective by scientific studies, and they fund new research. They don't just want to sell you supplements—they want to change the supplement industry for the better."

  • James Krieger, MS

    Published Scientist, Author, and Speaker

    "There are three reasons I like Legion. First, they use ingredients backed by independent, peer-reviewed scientific studies. Second, the quality of their supplements exceeds many in the industry and you know you’re getting what’s on the label. Third, Mike Matthews is a solid evidence-based guy who doesn’t over-hype."

  • Chris Barakat, MS

    Published Scientist and Physique Coach

    "I've been involved in the supplement industry for over a decade now, and I can tell you that Legion is the ONLY company doing EVERYTHING right! They make effective products that are backed by scientific evidence, properly dose all of their ingredients, source every ingredient from the highest-quality sources, and are transparent about exactly what goes in each and every product."

  • Kurtis Frank

    Co-Founder and Former Lead Researcher & Writer of Examine.com

    "With Legion, you really do get what you pay for. Each and every product is packed with effective doses of effective ingredients, and what’s on the label is what's actually in the bottle."

  • Jordan Syatt

    Strength and Nutrition Coach

    "Legion is a tremendous company run by people I trust and respect. The quality of their supplements is second to no one. And while I don’t use many supplements, the only ones I do come from Legion."

  • Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer

    Hosts of The Mind Pump Podcast

    "When it comes to quality and integrity, Legion is among the best. Their products only include ingredients that are backed by research and in doses that are proven to be effective in scientific studies."

Next

Ingredients & Directions

Ascend Supplement Facts Ascend Supplement Facts

Directions

To support cognitive health and performance, supplement with one serving of Ascend every day, preferably with food. You can take a full serving all at once or split it into two equal doses taken several hours apart (we recommend that you try both ways and see which you like best).

Warning

Not intended for use by persons under the age of 18. Do not exceed recommended dose. Consult your physician prior to use if you are pregnant or nursing, or if you are at risk, have been diagnosed, or are being treated for high blood pressure, heart, kidney, or thyroid, anxiety, depression, seizure disorder, or stroke.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. STORE IN A COOL DRY PLACE AND AVOID EXCESSIVE HEAT.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I use Ascend?
How does Ascend compare to other popular nootropics?
What kind of benefits can I expect from taking Ascend?
Why doesn’t Ascend contain ingredients found in many other nootropics like huperzine-A, vinpocetine, and phosphatidylserine?
Why doesn’t Ascend contain racetams?
Are there any side effects I should know about?
Do you need to “cycle” Ascend?
Will I build a tolerance to Ascend?
Will I experience withdrawal effects if I stop taking Ascend?
Does Ascend contain caffeine?
Is Ascend gluten-free?
Is Ascend vegetarian friendly?
Is Ascend vegan friendly?

+References

9. Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise.

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15.

11. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults.

Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011.

12. Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance.

Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:39. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0196-5.

13. Ingested oat herb extract (Avena sativa) changes EEG spectral frequencies in healthy subjects.

Dimpfel W, Storni C, Verbruggen M. J Altern Complement Med. 2011 May;17(5):427-34. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0143.

14. Acute Effects of an Avena sativa Herb Extract on Responses to the Stroop Color–Word Test.

Narelle M. Berry, Matthew J. Robinson, Janet Bryan, Jonathan D. Buckley, Karen J. Murphy, and Peter R.C. Howe. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Jul 2011.635-637.

15. Acute effects of a wild green-oat (Avena sativa) extract on cognitive function in middle-aged adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects trial.

Kennedy DO, Jackson PA, Forster J, Khan J, Grothe T, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Feb;20(2):135-151. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2015.1101304.

16. Acute effects of a wild green-oat (Avena sativa) extract on cognitive function in middle-aged adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects trial.

Kennedy DO, Jackson PA, Forster J, Khan J, Grothe T, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Feb;20(2):135-151. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2015.1101304.

17. An extract from wild green oat improves rat behaviour.

Schellekens C, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Wullschleger C, Heyne A. Phytother Res. 2009 Oct;23(10):1371-7. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2751.

19. Acute Effects of an Avena sativa Herb Extract on Responses to the Stroop Color–Word Test

Narelle M. Berry, Matthew J. Robinson, Janet Bryan, Jonathan D. Buckley, Karen J. Murphy, and Peter R.C. Howe.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.Jul 2011.635-637.

21. Acute effects of a wild green-oat (Avena sativa) extract on cognitive function in middle-aged adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects trial.

Kennedy DO, Jackson PA, Forster J, Khan J, Grothe T, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Feb;20(2):135-151. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2015.1101304.

22. Acute effects of an Avena sativa herb extract on responses to the Stroop Color-Word test.

Berry NM, Robinson MJ, Bryan J, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, Howe PR. J Altern Complement Med. 2011 Jul;17(7):635-7. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0450.

23. The Kennedy pathway-de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine.

Gibellini F, Smith TK. IUBMB Life. 2010;62(6):414-428. doi:10.1002/iub.337.

24. Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle.

Fagone P, Jackowski S. Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2013;1831(3):523-532. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.009.

25. Uridine from Pleurotus giganteus and Its Neurite Outgrowth Stimulatory Effects with Underlying Mechanism.

Phan C-W, David P, Wong K-H, Naidu M, Sabaratnam V. Gallyas F, ed. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0143004. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143004.

26 Uridine protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by reducing histone deacetylase activity in neonatal rats.

Koyuncuoglu T, Turkyilmaz M, Goren B, Cetinkaya M, Cansev M, Alkan T. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2015;33(5):777-784. doi:10.3233/RNN-150549.

27. Neuroprotective effects of uridine in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy.

Cansev M, Minbay Z, Goren B, et al. Neurosci Lett. 2013;542:65-70. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.035.

28. Long-term cognitive effects of uridine treatment in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Goren B, Cakir A, Ocalan B, et al. Brain Res. 2017;1659:81-87. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.026.

30. Sleep-promoting effects of intraperitoneally administered uridine in unrestrained rats.

Honda K, Okano Y, Komoda Y, Inoue S. Neurosci Lett. 1985;62(1):137-141. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90297-6.

31. Uridine as an active component of sleep-promoting substance: its effects on nocturnal sleep in rats.

Honda K, Komoda Y, Nishida S, et al. Neurosci Res. 1984;1(4):243-252.

32. Effects of 12-Week Bacopa monnieri Consumption on Attention, Cognitive Processing, Working Memory, and Functions of Both Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Systems in Healthy Elderly Volunteers.

Peth-Nui T, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, et al. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2012;2012:1-10. doi:10.1155/2012/606424.

33. Does Bacopa monnieri Improve Memory Performance in Older Persons? Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial.

Morgan A, Stevens J. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(7):753-759. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0342.

34. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract.

Kongkeaw C, Dilokthornsakul P, Thanarangsarit P, Limpeanchob N, Norman Scholfield C. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):528-535. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008.

35. The Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Bacopa monnieri : A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Human Clinical Trials.

Pase MP, Kean J, Sarris J, Neale C, Scholey AB, Stough C. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(7):647-652. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0367.

36. Effects of a Standardized Bacopa monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Calabrese C, Gregory WL, Leo M, Kraemer D, Bone K, Oken B. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(6):707-713. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0018.

37. Does bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

Morgan A, Stevens J. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(7):753-759. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0342.

38. An Acute, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Cross-over Study of 320 mg and 640 mg Doses of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on Multitasking Stress Reactivity and Mood.

Benson S, Downey LA, Stough C, Wetherell M, Zangara A, Scholey A. Phyther Res. 2014;28(4):551-559. doi:10.1002/ptr.5029.

39. Agmatine, by Improving Neuroplasticity Markers and Inducing Nrf2, Prevents Corticosterone-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice.

Freitas AE, Egea J, Buendia I, et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(5):3030-3045. doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9182-6.

40. Antidepressant like effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors involve modulation of imidazoline receptors by agmatine.

Taksande BG, Kotagale NR, Tripathi SJ, Ugale RR, Chopde CT. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57(4):415-424. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.035.

41. Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.

Keynan O, Mirovsky Y, Dekel S, Gilad VH, Gilad GM. Pain Med. 2010;11(3):356-368. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x.

42. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86.

43. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91.

44. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8.

45. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7.

46. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9.